Wednesday, December 7, 2011

Chinese Medicine Cupping

!: Chinese Medicine Cupping

Chinese medicine uses many modalities of healing; acupuncture, herbal medicine, massage, and diet therapy make up the most commonly used and Chinese medicine cupping is gaining in popularity. Maybe some of you saw the photo a few years ago of Gwyneth Paltrow on the red carpet with a backless dress and cupping marks all up her spine? Sometimes it takes a little popular culture to remind us of ancient ways of healing!

The therapy of cupping has been used in China for thousands of years. At first it was applied using cattle horns or cross sections of bamboo. To create negative pressure inside the horn or bamboo these ancient 'cups' where boiled in water or fire was ignited to expel the air and suck the cups onto the skin. These cups were used mostly to draw out pus and blood in the treatment of boils. Cupping was originally used as an auxiliary method in traditional Chinese surgery. Later it was found to be useful in treating other diseases and developed into a special therapeutic method.

The earliest record of cupping is in the Bo Shu (an ancient book written on silk), which was discovered in a tomb of the Han Dynasty. Several other ancient texts mention Chinese medicine cupping. Several centuries later another famous medical classic, Su Sen Liang Fang, recorded an effective cure for chronic cough and the successful treatment of poisonous snake bites using cupping therapy.

Through several thousand years of accumulated clinical experience, the clinical applications of cupping have become increasingly wide. Now Chinese medicine cupping is used to treat arthritic symptoms, asthma, the common cold, chronic cough, indigestion problems and some skin conditions.

There is a saying in China: "Acupuncture and cupping, more than half of the ills cured." Zhao Xue Ming, a doctor practicing more than 200 years ago, compiled a book entitled Ben Cong Gang Mu She Yi, in which he describes in detail the history and origin of different kinds of cupping and cup shapes, functions and applications.

In mainland China the development of cupping therapy has been rapid. In the 1950's the clinical efficacy of cupping was confirmed by the co-research of China and acupuncturists from the former Soviet Union, and was established as an official therapeutic practice in hospitals all over China.

Today, as more people (including Gwyneth) seek alternative therapies to deal with their health problems, the use of  traditional Chinese medicine, including cupping is increasing. Much of the cupping equipment and methods used today are exactly the same as they were in ancient times. Some electronic or mechanized pumps have been invented, and suction cups introduced, but to a great extent the majority of people practicing cupping today still use horn, bamboo or glass cups. One reason that cupping techniques remain the same as in ancient times is due to the fact that, with the exception of a handful of acupuncture practitioners, cupping is generally practiced in rural area where no or very little modern medicine is available.

Cupping affects the flow of Qi and blood. It helps draw out and eliminate pathogenic factors such as wind, cold, damp and heat. Cupping also moves Qi and Blood and opens the pores of the skin, thus precipitating the removal of pathogens through the skin itself.

My first experience of cupping was when I had a bad cold and my acupuncturist applied cups to my back. First my back was rubbed with fragrant oil and, as I lay face down, the cups were applied. I could feel their edges digging into my flesh and then a gentle warmth and release as my skin was pulled up and away from my body. Once the cups were firmly in place and sucking up my skin, the practitioner moved them up and down my back. (This is called walking cups.) I was left to rest with the cups on my back. Once I got up from the table I felt much improved, the heaviness in my chest was gone and I had bright purple suction cup marks along my back, not unlike Gwyneth Paltrow in the photo of her - post cupping. The purple marks didn't hurt or bother me at all. They disappeared after a couple days along with my cold. Cupping provided relief from my cough and effective treatment of my cold.


Chinese Medicine Cupping

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Saturday, November 12, 2011

Fountains of Prague

!: Fountains of Prague

As in many of the older and more historic parts of Europe, the water fountains that were built were originally used as the main source of drinking as well as bathing. People would come to fill their buckets and take water to their homes or consume the water on the spot.

In the Czech Republic's city of Prague, water fountains of all types stood in every possible open space. While the fountains used to be the main source of drinking water, they have since become decorative sculptures. While some fountains were simple wooden-framed reservoirs others were ornately decorated. Still others were statues and delicately carved sculptures of classical, biblical and natural themes.

Author Ignát Hermann wrote that once upon a time there existed more than 400 usable fountains in Prague during the 19th century. As time went on, there became fewer fountains - even less for drinking. Currently most fountains are seen mainly in recreational or tourist areas. The following are some of the more popular water fountains that you will still find fully functioning within the city of Prague.

Water Features at Prague Castle

Fountains have always been popular features at the homes and castles of nobility. Prague Castle is no different. There are four water fixtures featured at this popular tourist attraction.
The first is Kohl Fountain, also known as Lion Fountain, located in the second courtyard of Prague Castle. Built in 1686, Kohl fountain is one of the oldest in Prague. This fountain was a significant part of the castle's water and fire systems. Being one of the largest castle water reservoirs, one of its main purposes was to extinguish fires.

The third courtyard of Prague Castle is home to the Eagle Fountain of 1661. This small Baroque fountain is located next to the Gothic gate which leads to a small yard below. Another water fountain located in the third courtyard of Prague Castle is the Fountain with the figure of St. George. The statue of St. George once decorated a fountain based on Plečnik's design in 1928. However, the statue was dismantled and installed in Jiřské Square in the 1990s.

The Singing Fountain at Belvedér is one of the most magnificent fountains of the Renaissance. It is located at the Summerhouse of Queen Ann in the Královská (or Royal) Garden of Prague Castle. The fountain was cast by Master Jaros in 1562-68 after a drawing and wax model by Italian painter Francesco Terzio of Bergamo. The wooden mould was cut by Hanus Peysser. The fountain, made of bronze blended with bell metal, is ornately decorated with hunting themes. If you squat down below the level of the fountain basin you can enjoy the "singing" water jets. These jets produce a lyrical, rhythmical sound by the water dropping on a resonating bronze plate.

The last water feature at Prague Castle is not a fountain but a well located in the second courtyard. This well has an octagonal basin and a wrought-iron superstructure. The creator of this well is unknown. The iron grille is topped with a metal rose. It is located right next to the Kohl Fountain.

Other Famous Fountains in Prague

Aside from Prague Castle there are a few other famous fountains scattered throughout the city. In Old Town there is the fountain located in the center of Malé Square. This is the very oldest fountain in Prague and it is protected by a hand-wrought Renaissance grille from 1560. This piece of history has been updated through the centuries with mechanical pumps and stone socles added to ensure proper water flow. Artistically the angelic décor of this fountain make it a true masterpiece.

In New Town there is an 1890 fountain located below the National Museum ramp, which is embellished with a sculpted group called Tschechia. Tschechia is an allegory of the Czech rivers by Antonín Wagner. The fountain basins are made of Hradec Králové sandstone, red Skandinavian granite and yellow Untersberg marble. The bronze lion's head waterspout makes this fountain quite an attraction.

Located in Kinských Square is a fountain called "The Trapdoor of Time." It is a newer fountain erected in 2002. The two granite slabs (made from a cracked rock) symbolizes the trapdoor of time that "devours all deeds of man." This fountain has 64 nozzles, 24 of which have a special bubbling feature that creates a unique water stream. 40 lights are used to illuminate the fountain at night. The jets in the central quarry-faced granite crack shoots water eight meters high.

There are still several other water fountains located throughout the city that hold their own special historical significance. Some fountains are still working but most are not. If touring the fountains of Prague is something that has piqued your interest, any travel guide can help direct you toward these amazing water fountain antiquities.


Fountains of Prague

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Thursday, November 3, 2011

St Bartholomew's Church - A Journey Through Time Continues to Peruse Thomas Pritchard's Background

!: St Bartholomew's Church - A Journey Through Time Continues to Peruse Thomas Pritchard's Background

Thomas Pritchard's arrival at Jamestown in 1620 with the London Company and his subsequent contributions to the settlement of Virginia's Northern Neck are documented by primary and secondary sources alike on this side of the Atlantic. Still, his origin remains elusive.

Over the years, researchers have pinpointed less than a dozen Pri(t)chard families in England and Wales whose offspring named Thomas are viable candidates for the Virginia immigrant. The two families who best meet the criteria traced their descent from the Prichards of Penrhos Castle in Monmouthshire, Wales. Their line originated with Caradoc Vraich-Vras (520-570 A.D.), founder of the dynasty of princes between the Wye and Severn rivers.

When Penrhos Castle was attacked and destroyed in the Thirteenth Century, the family members spread throughout Monmouthshire and neighboring Glamorganshire. By the time our Thomas was born (between 1592 and 1596, based on official immigration lists), the two key family seats were within twenty miles of one another.

From 1521-1649, Llancaiach Fawr Manor near Caerphilly was home to six Prichard generations. David Prichard (d.1630) and his wife, Mary Carne, were the parents of a Thomas Prichard, whose documented promotions from rector of Michaelston in Glamorgan to canon of Hereford in 1636 remove him from consideration.

In Llanover, four miles south of Abergavenny, St. Bartholomew's Church served a parallel Prichard line for many generations. A polished brass plate marking their graves beneath the outer wall of the Prichard pew commemorates William Prichard (ca. 1500-1565) and his son Matthew, High Sheriff for Monmouth (ca. 1545-1622).

David's cousin, Edward Prichard of Cardiff, Glamorganshire, is identified as a landlord and a son of Matthew Prichard. The sources are wills and land purchases found in the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth, Cardigan and in the Public Record Office Archives of the United Kingdom.

Edward's will of 1612 names his wife Mary, his eldest son David, his second son Edward, daughters Margaret and Mary, and his third and youngest son Thomas. This Thomas Prichard disappears from local records about the time our Thomas set sail for Virginia.

By tradition, the eldest son in many British and Welsh families inherited the property, the second son entered a profession such as law, and the third son learned a trade. By helping his father build and repair the many houses inhabited by his tenants, this Thomas may well have acquired the carpentry and masonry skills sought by the London Company.

Hoping that the journey to our past is better illuminated by visiting the unique environment that may have firmed an ancestor's personality and life, my husband and I flew to Wales to visit Llancaiach Fawr Manor. It was restored during the 1990s and is now a museum, archaeology laboratory, and cultural center of Glamorgan.

We returned in May 2009, this time to Llanover in Monmouthshire's Usk Valley. One of three Welsh villages that are also private estates, it was the seat of William Pritchard's descendants until the mid-Eighteenth Century. Unlike crumbling Penrhos Castle, most of the buildings within Llanover are well preserved.

The focal point is St. Bartholomew's Church. Situated near the water where druidic worshipers gathered fourteen centuries ago, its nave dates to about 1150. The tower was added later and the chancel expanded. Two large residences on the estate are Ty Uchaf (upper house) and Curt y Porthir (the court with the long porch), homes of William and Matthew Prichard, respectively. A church booklet cites a legend that another Prichard homestead, Court Farm, had a secret passage leading from the house to the church.

The families residing in Ty Uchaf have always been overseers of the estate, which is comprised of many farms operated by tenants. Each farm has been represented for generations in a church pew bearing its name. The farmhouses scattered throughout the district are attractive and substantially constructed of whitewashed stone. All belonging to Llanover are identified by a distinct border of gray paint around the eaves to avoid confusion with houses on adjacent estates.

Ty Uchaf, built in Georgian colonial style, sits far back from the lane meandering through the village/estate. As we drove past, guided by Jilly Jones, the Vicar's Warden, a sudden gust of wind disturbed a large drapery hanging across an open second floor window. For a brief moment, it resembled a ghost signaling from the past.

Jilly explained that Benjamin Waddington purchased Llanover Estate in 1792 from the last of the Prichard line. He left it to his daughter Augusta, later known as Lady Llanover. She lived until 1896 and was famous throughout Great Britain for the pedigreed Black Welsh Mountain sheep she raised, prompting the nursery rhyme, "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep." The large flock still bred on the estate is visible from the lane.

Augusta's husband, Benjamin Hall or Lord Llanover, was a Whig and a Member of Parliament. In 1855, he became London's first Commissioner for Works. The name "Big Ben" given to the bell in the House of Commons clock tower commemorates Benjamin Hall's role in the rebuilding of the House of Commons.

While her husband busied himself in politics, Lady Llanover altered local culture patterns. In addition to defying English sentiments by embracing the Welsh language and customs and insisting that her staff and all families on the estate follow suit, she made certain that the estate would be passed down through the female side. Llanover is owned today by her great-great-granddaughter, whose own daughters and granddaughters are destined to inherit it for generations to come, by-passing all males in the line.

During the mid-Nineteenth Century, the St. Bartholomew Church choir was large and famous for the magnificent voices of its members. Welsh composer John Orlando Parry, a frequent guest of Lady Llanover, wrote many songs for the choir, among them a solo harp piece named "Ty Uchaf" in honor of his hostess.

Sadly, the church does not have sufficient membership today to support a choir, although there are two organs, one a small pump type, the other a pipe organ members are trying to preserve from the cold. Because the church's stone walls are several feet thick and it lacks a central heating system, the indoor temperature on that damp, raw day in early May felt much colder than the outside temperature.

The denomination of the church is Anglican (Church of England). Mrs. Jones told us that it is a favorite of Rowan Williams, the current Archbishop of Canterbury, who visited often while serving the Newport diocese. The Prichard family pew is three-sided, considerably larger than those representing the estate farms. The baptismal font in the center is surrounded by needlepoint kneeling pads made by the ladies of the church. Each design represents a line from the hymn "All Things Bright and Beautiful."

The plaque honoring William and Matthew Prichard depicts each standing, dressed in armor, and wearing a sword. They have beards, no head covering, and hold their hands in prayer. Between them is the Pritchard coat-of-arms topped by a dragon's head holding a hand dripping with blood in its mouth. Other symbols thereon are three towers, three wolves heads, three lions, and three ravens. One cannot help wondering if Matthew's son Edward and grandson Thomas were present at his burial and sat in that very pew. Because Virginia records indicate that Thomas arrived twice in Jamestown, first in 1620 and again in 1624, it is possible that his return home was precipitated by the death of his grandfather in 1622. Soon after his return, he began buying considerable land in Virginia's Northern Neck, an indication that he could have come into an inheritance.

An additional Pritchard family crest painted in shades of red, green, blue, black, and silver is mounted high on the nave wall next to Lady Llanover's coat-of-arms. The Welsh inscription on hers, "Ni ddaw Da o hir arofyn," means "No good comes of long intending," or "Actions speak louder than words."

The chancel centerpiece is a large painting of the Royal Coat of Arms bearing the motto, "Deo et Mon Droit" (God is on my right). Historians conclude that Lady Llanover had it painted between 1816 and 1837 to honor either King George IV or King William IV for bestowing the title upon her. The Arms of Hanover on the escutcheon show the Lion and the Unicorn emerging from the Garter Shield. After her death, it was painted over, but was rediscovered and restored in 1993.

The church tower contains a safe with the names and dates of parish births, marriages, and deaths copied from the crumbling originals. It is unfortunate for Pritchard descendants in America that the earliest baptisms and burial records extant go back only to 1661 and the marriages to 1754. Outside, dozens of early grave headstones have eroded to such an extent that many have only a tiny portion of the Prichard surname legible.

Except for the addition of electricity, little has changed on the Llanover estate since the Prichard line ceased ownership in the late eighteenth century. The bucolic surroundings are exactly as they appeared to the early families.

Despite our fervent pursuit of Thomas Pritchard's past, we have not yet located the essential primary source confirming that the young man mastering his trade at his father's side in Glamorgan is identical to the middle-aged "Captain" Thomas Pritchard of Nutmeg Quarter, Warwick County, Virginia who presented a petition to the assembly to unite with Denbeigh Parish and was elected in 1656 to represent Gloucester County in the Virginia House of Burgesses.

And so we are destined to continue wending our way through courthouses, cemeteries, libraries, genealogical publications, and Internet postings for that elusive fragment from the past confirming the irrefutable identity of our immigrant ancestor.


St Bartholomew's Church - A Journey Through Time Continues to Peruse Thomas Pritchard's Background

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Monday, October 17, 2011

Helpful Natural Heartburn Relief Treatments Part 1

!: Helpful Natural Heartburn Relief Treatments Part 1

Herbs have been used for centuries for medicinal purposes, and many herbs have proven to be very successful in relieving and healing many health conditions, especially health issues that involve the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, there are a number of herbs that can be helpful to GERD sufferers in providing natural heartburn relief treatments.

The following is information regarding six different herbs that can be used to for acid reflux relief and other related digestive conditions. The information provided will explain how these herbs may help to subdue acid reflux symptoms when taken orally, as well as if there are any warnings you should be aware of before you consider taking any of these natural remedies:

Chamomile (alternative names: Genuine chamomile, Anthemis nobilis, German Chamomile, Hungarian chamomile, Roman Chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla, Goberneradora)

Chamomile has been used for centuries for its sedative and antispasmodic effects. When taken orally, chamomile can induce relaxation and has a calming effect, which has also led some to believe that it has anti-anxiety effects. Nevertheless, despite its possible anti-anxiety effects, chamomile also appears to be antispasmodic which might be linked to one of its chemicals, bisabolol. The antispasmodic properties make it gentle and soothing to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and may be beneficial at relieving minor GI symptoms including: gas, nausea, and stomach cramps

Furthermore, chamomile has also been found to provide soothing relief to irritated tissues in the nose, throat, and mouth, which can be beneficial to those who experience acid reflux in the throat.

Other studies suggest that chamomile may also have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects, all of which could benefit GERD sufferers who have inflammation within their esophagus (esophagitis). However, no study has yet successfully proved this theory.

Side effects- Vomiting can occur if very high doses of chamomile are ingested. Chamomile can also cause allergic reactions in individuals who are allergic to daisies, as chamomile is part of the daisy family.

Drug interactions and other precautions- Chamomile may interfere with the blood's ability to clot and may cause drowsiness. Therefore there is the possibility that it might interact with the following medications and herbs:
- Anticoagulants and antiplatelets
- Drugs that promote sleepiness
- Sedative herbs (I.E. saw palmetto, ginger, danshen, devil's claw, garlic, gingko, papain, red clover, etc.)
- Herbs that effect blood clotting (I.E. hops, kava, valerian, catnip, and st. john's wort, etc.)

You should refrain from taking chamomile if you are pregnant because its antispasmodic effects could cause the uterus to relax, which could potentially lead to miscarriage.

Dandelion root (alternative names: Irish Daisy, Blowball, Leotodon taraxacum, Taraxacum officinale, Canker Wort, Lion's Tooth, Puffball, Wild Endive)

Dandelion root has been used orally for years to treat various health problems including arthritis, gout, diabetes, cancer, liver problems, and heartburn. Dandelion has also been used to combat indigestion because its bitter flavor encourages the production of saliva which can be beneficial to GERD sufferers, as saliva helps to neutralize acid. In addition, it is believed that dandelion root may have some anti-inflammatory effects.

Side effects - Although unlikely if side effects are felt an upset stomach would be the most likely side effect of dandelion root.

Drug interactions and other precautions- Dandelion may have an effect on blood sugar, work as a diuretic, and increase acid production. Therefore it may interact with the following medications:
- Diabetes medications for lowering blood sugar
- Diuretic drugs
- Acid blocking medications such as antacids, H2 receptors, and proton pump inhibitors.

Individuals who should avoid taking dandelion root are those who are prone to or have gallstones or other problems with their gallbladder. Dandelion can irritate the gallbladder by increasing bile production. People with diabetes should also avoid taking this herb as it may affect their blood sugar levels.

It is important to note that not everyone who suffers from acid reflux and GERD can take dandelion root to treat their symptoms because there is a risk that this herb will increase stomach acid production, which can cause symptoms to become more frequent or worsen. Furthermore, if you have stomach ulcers or gastritis (stomach inflammation) you should not take dandelion root.

Meadowsweet (alternative names: Queen of the Meadow, Bridewort, Filipendula ulmaria, Dropwort, Lady of the Meadow, Spirea ulmaria, Spirea)

Meadowsweet can be used to help treat stomach problems such as diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, hyperacidity, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. However, the effectiveness meadowsweet has on these GI conditions is unknown. Meadowsweet also contains a mild degree of anti-inflammatory properties and may be beneficial for individuals who suffer from gout or other inflammatory conditions.

Aside from assisting in the relief of stomach issues, meadowsweet has also often been used to provide slight relief from symptoms caused by respiratory conditions such as congestion, fever and pain related to colds and similar ailments.

Side effects - Meadowsweet can cause constriction to occur in the muscles of the small airways of the lungs, known as a bronchospasm. This side effect could worsen asthma or trigger asthma attacks. Another side effect that has been reported by some individuals who take meadowsweet is nausea.

Drug interactions and other precautions - Meadowsweet could increase the risk of side effects in Narcotic analgesics (I.E. morphine), and may affect the blood's ability to clot and interact with medications and herbal remedies such as:
- Anticoagulants and antiplatelets
- Aspirin
- Herbs that effect blood clotting (see chamomile above)

Pregnant women, individuals with asthma, and those who have allergies to aspirin should avoid taking meadowsweet.

Cats claw (alternative names: Uncaria guianensis, Peruvian Cat's Claw, Uña de Gato, Samento, Saventaro, Uncaria tomentosa)

Cats claw is comprised of many active chemicals and substances that are beneficial to the immune system. Due to its antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, this makes it extremely beneficial for treating individuals who suffer from various health conditions.

Cats claw has also been used to help individuals who suffer from gastrointestinal problems find relief for conditions including gastritis, and gastric ulcers.

Side effects - Some side effects that have been reported include stomach discomfort, nausea, headache, and dizziness. You should not take cats claw if you are allergic to plants in the Rubiaceae or Uncaria family.

Drug interactions and other precautions- Cats claw has the potential to enhance a person's immune function which could cause it to interact with drugs designed to suppress the immune system.

Cats claw was traditionally used as a form of contraception, and when taken in high doses may prevent pregnancy. Therefore, it should not be taken by women trying to become pregnant, pregnant women, or women who are breast feeding.

Individuals who have had organ transplants should not take cats claw due to the potential effects it can have on the immune system. In addition, it may cause unpredictable results in those who suffer from autoimmune disorders such as Crohn's disease and Multiple Sclerosis.

Licorice (alternative names: Gan Cao, Sweet Root, Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Licorice contains a substance known as glycyrrhizin which reduces the activity of two particular enzymes that contribute to the removal of PGE (prostaglandin E) from the body. Stomach conditions including gastritis, colic, and ulcers are associated with low levels of PGE. Therefore, licorice can actually increase the levels of PGE and allow more PGE to circulate through the body. The increase of PGE can reduce the production of stomach acid and promote the production of stomach mucus. Thus, licorice is often used to treat ulcers and many other stomach problems.

In addition to stomach conditions, licorice has also been found to be beneficial for treating respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, as well as for suppressing coughs, soothing sore throats, and has the potential to boost immune system function.

Note: the Licorice that is being referred to is the herb and not licorice candy. Licorice candy does not typically contain much of the active chemical present in the true herb, and, therefore, is not likely to provide the same positive or negative side effects.

Side effects - There are many side effects associated with licorice, but the severity of these side effects differ depending on how much licorice is ingested. The more common and less severe side effects of licorice when a single recommended dose is taken for longer than six weeks may include: headache, fatigue, muscle spasms, increased blood pressure and swelling.

Large doses of licorice may cause a condition called pseudoaldosteronism, which causes the following symptoms: excessive thirst, increased urination, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, low potassium levels, weight gain.

Drug interactions and other precautions- Licorice can increase the time required in order for blood to clot, can cause possible potassium deficiency, can interfere with medications used to suppress tissue inflammation, and mimic the female hormone estrogen. Therefore, licorice can interact with the following medications and natural remedies:
- Anticoagulants and antiplatelets
- Corticosteroid drugs (drugs that treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, asthma, cancer, etc.)
- Diuretics ("water pills that can cause potassium loss)
- Estrogen replacement therapy or oral contraceptives
- Testosterone therapy
- Aspirin
- Laxatives (can promote loss of potassium)
- Herbs that effect blood clotting (see chamomile)
- Herbs that deplete potassium (I.E. aloe, senna, rhamnus frangula, rhamnus purshiana, rhamnus cathartica)
Pregnant women and women who are breast feeding should not take licorice, as it may increase the risk of premature labor or miscarriage. Other individuals who should avoid taking licorice include:
- Men with prostate cancer
- Women who suffer from uterine fibroids, endometriosis, cancer of the breast, ovaries, or uterus.
- Individuals with congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, liver condition or kidney disease.

Slippery elm (alternative names: Elm, American Elm, Japanese Elm, Indian Elm, Red Elm, Sweet Elm, Moose Elm, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus fulva, Winged Elm)

Slippery elm is recognized for having significant mucilage, a substance that swells and becomes slippery without dissolving in fluids. Mucilage is believed to help people find relief from coughs, and a variety of other symptoms involving the respiratory system. Furthermore, mucilage is also recognized for its positive effects on the GI tact, and it antioxidant effects that have the potential to decrease intestinal inflammation.

Slippery elm provides the mouth, esophagus, and GI tract with a coating. The slick residue it leaves in the GI tract can help alleviate sore throats; pain associated with stomach ulcers or colic; and can also help relieve inflammatory bowel symptoms. Additionally, slippery elm may encourage mucous production in the GI tract, which helps to protect the stomach and intestinal linings.

Side effects - When taken orally, slippery elm has no reported side effects. However, it may cause an allergic reaction in sensitive people when slippery elm products are touched, or pollen from the tree is breathed in.

Drug interactions and other precautions- There are no known interactions between slippery elm and medications or other herbal products. Nevertheless, due to the fact that the mucilage may coat the stomach and intestines, the mucilage could potentially delay or block the absorption of nutrients or drugs. Therefore, it is recommended that slippery elm be taken orally a minimum of 2 hours before eating or ingesting medications.

Pregnant women should not take slippery elm.

What you should know before taking any herbal products: You should not take any herbal remedy to treat your acid reflux or GERD symptoms without first consulting your health care provider. This is especially important if you are pregnant, breast feeding, or have another health condition and are taking medications. Furthermore, you must ensure that you take herbs according to the recommended dosage prescribed by a professional or as noted on the product information label on the herbal packaging.

Remember to speak to your doctor should you have any questions or concerns, and immediately stop taking any herbs should you experience an allergic reaction. Allergic reaction symptoms include:
- Skin: redness, rash, itching, or hives
- Eyes: red watery or itchy
- Nose: blocked, runny or sneezing
- Lungs: tightness in chest, wheezing, coughing, difficulty breathing
- Stomach: nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
- Swelling: face, tongue or throat.

Contact your doctor or pharmacist should you experience an allergic reaction or any other side effect to any natural heartburn relief treatment.


Helpful Natural Heartburn Relief Treatments Part 1

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Thursday, April 21, 2011

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Wednesday, March 30, 2011

St Bartholomew's Church - A Journey Through Time Continues to Peruse Thomas Pritchard's Background

!: St Bartholomew's Church - A Journey Through Time Continues to Peruse Thomas Pritchard's Background

Thomas Pritchard's arrival at Jamestown in 1620 with the London Company and his subsequent contributions to the settlement of Virginia's Northern Neck are documented by primary and secondary sources alike on this side of the Atlantic. Still, his origin remains elusive.

Over the years, researchers have pinpointed less than a dozen Pri(t)chard families in England and Wales whose offspring named Thomas are viable candidates for the Virginia immigrant. The two families who best meet the criteria traced their descent from the Prichards of Penrhos Castle in Monmouthshire, Wales. Their line originated with Caradoc Vraich-Vras (520-570 A.D.), founder of the dynasty of princes between the Wye and Severn rivers.

When Penrhos Castle was attacked and destroyed in the Thirteenth Century, the family members spread throughout Monmouthshire and neighboring Glamorganshire. By the time our Thomas was born (between 1592 and 1596, based on official immigration lists), the two key family seats were within twenty miles of one another.

From 1521-1649, Llancaiach Fawr Manor near Caerphilly was home to six Prichard generations. David Prichard (d.1630) and his wife, Mary Carne, were the parents of a Thomas Prichard, whose documented promotions from rector of Michaelston in Glamorgan to canon of Hereford in 1636 remove him from consideration.

In Llanover, four miles south of Abergavenny, St. Bartholomew's Church served a parallel Prichard line for many generations. A polished brass plate marking their graves beneath the outer wall of the Prichard pew commemorates William Prichard (ca. 1500-1565) and his son Matthew, High Sheriff for Monmouth (ca. 1545-1622).

David's cousin, Edward Prichard of Cardiff, Glamorganshire, is identified as a landlord and a son of Matthew Prichard. The sources are wills and land purchases found in the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth, Cardigan and in the Public Record Office Archives of the United Kingdom.

Edward's will of 1612 names his wife Mary, his eldest son David, his second son Edward, daughters Margaret and Mary, and his third and youngest son Thomas. This Thomas Prichard disappears from local records about the time our Thomas set sail for Virginia.

By tradition, the eldest son in many British and Welsh families inherited the property, the second son entered a profession such as law, and the third son learned a trade. By helping his father build and repair the many houses inhabited by his tenants, this Thomas may well have acquired the carpentry and masonry skills sought by the London Company.

Hoping that the journey to our past is better illuminated by visiting the unique environment that may have firmed an ancestor's personality and life, my husband and I flew to Wales to visit Llancaiach Fawr Manor. It was restored during the 1990s and is now a museum, archaeology laboratory, and cultural center of Glamorgan.

We returned in May 2009, this time to Llanover in Monmouthshire's Usk Valley. One of three Welsh villages that are also private estates, it was the seat of William Pritchard's descendants until the mid-Eighteenth Century. Unlike crumbling Penrhos Castle, most of the buildings within Llanover are well preserved.

The focal point is St. Bartholomew's Church. Situated near the water where druidic worshipers gathered fourteen centuries ago, its nave dates to about 1150. The tower was added later and the chancel expanded. Two large residences on the estate are Ty Uchaf (upper house) and Curt y Porthir (the court with the long porch), homes of William and Matthew Prichard, respectively. A church booklet cites a legend that another Prichard homestead, Court Farm, had a secret passage leading from the house to the church.

The families residing in Ty Uchaf have always been overseers of the estate, which is comprised of many farms operated by tenants. Each farm has been represented for generations in a church pew bearing its name. The farmhouses scattered throughout the district are attractive and substantially constructed of whitewashed stone. All belonging to Llanover are identified by a distinct border of gray paint around the eaves to avoid confusion with houses on adjacent estates.

Ty Uchaf, built in Georgian colonial style, sits far back from the lane meandering through the village/estate. As we drove past, guided by Jilly Jones, the Vicar's Warden, a sudden gust of wind disturbed a large drapery hanging across an open second floor window. For a brief moment, it resembled a ghost signaling from the past.

Jilly explained that Benjamin Waddington purchased Llanover Estate in 1792 from the last of the Prichard line. He left it to his daughter Augusta, later known as Lady Llanover. She lived until 1896 and was famous throughout Great Britain for the pedigreed Black Welsh Mountain sheep she raised, prompting the nursery rhyme, "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep." The large flock still bred on the estate is visible from the lane.

Augusta's husband, Benjamin Hall or Lord Llanover, was a Whig and a Member of Parliament. In 1855, he became London's first Commissioner for Works. The name "Big Ben" given to the bell in the House of Commons clock tower commemorates Benjamin Hall's role in the rebuilding of the House of Commons.

While her husband busied himself in politics, Lady Llanover altered local culture patterns. In addition to defying English sentiments by embracing the Welsh language and customs and insisting that her staff and all families on the estate follow suit, she made certain that the estate would be passed down through the female side. Llanover is owned today by her great-great-granddaughter, whose own daughters and granddaughters are destined to inherit it for generations to come, by-passing all males in the line.

During the mid-Nineteenth Century, the St. Bartholomew Church choir was large and famous for the magnificent voices of its members. Welsh composer John Orlando Parry, a frequent guest of Lady Llanover, wrote many songs for the choir, among them a solo harp piece named "Ty Uchaf" in honor of his hostess.

Sadly, the church does not have sufficient membership today to support a choir, although there are two organs, one a small pump type, the other a pipe organ members are trying to preserve from the cold. Because the church's stone walls are several feet thick and it lacks a central heating system, the indoor temperature on that damp, raw day in early May felt much colder than the outside temperature.

The denomination of the church is Anglican (Church of England). Mrs. Jones told us that it is a favorite of Rowan Williams, the current Archbishop of Canterbury, who visited often while serving the Newport diocese. The Prichard family pew is three-sided, considerably larger than those representing the estate farms. The baptismal font in the center is surrounded by needlepoint kneeling pads made by the ladies of the church. Each design represents a line from the hymn "All Things Bright and Beautiful."

The plaque honoring William and Matthew Prichard depicts each standing, dressed in armor, and wearing a sword. They have beards, no head covering, and hold their hands in prayer. Between them is the Pritchard coat-of-arms topped by a dragon's head holding a hand dripping with blood in its mouth. Other symbols thereon are three towers, three wolves heads, three lions, and three ravens. One cannot help wondering if Matthew's son Edward and grandson Thomas were present at his burial and sat in that very pew. Because Virginia records indicate that Thomas arrived twice in Jamestown, first in 1620 and again in 1624, it is possible that his return home was precipitated by the death of his grandfather in 1622. Soon after his return, he began buying considerable land in Virginia's Northern Neck, an indication that he could have come into an inheritance.

An additional Pritchard family crest painted in shades of red, green, blue, black, and silver is mounted high on the nave wall next to Lady Llanover's coat-of-arms. The Welsh inscription on hers, "Ni ddaw Da o hir arofyn," means "No good comes of long intending," or "Actions speak louder than words."

The chancel centerpiece is a large painting of the Royal Coat of Arms bearing the motto, "Deo et Mon Droit" (God is on my right). Historians conclude that Lady Llanover had it painted between 1816 and 1837 to honor either King George IV or King William IV for bestowing the title upon her. The Arms of Hanover on the escutcheon show the Lion and the Unicorn emerging from the Garter Shield. After her death, it was painted over, but was rediscovered and restored in 1993.

The church tower contains a safe with the names and dates of parish births, marriages, and deaths copied from the crumbling originals. It is unfortunate for Pritchard descendants in America that the earliest baptisms and burial records extant go back only to 1661 and the marriages to 1754. Outside, dozens of early grave headstones have eroded to such an extent that many have only a tiny portion of the Prichard surname legible.

Except for the addition of electricity, little has changed on the Llanover estate since the Prichard line ceased ownership in the late eighteenth century. The bucolic surroundings are exactly as they appeared to the early families.

Despite our fervent pursuit of Thomas Pritchard's past, we have not yet located the essential primary source confirming that the young man mastering his trade at his father's side in Glamorgan is identical to the middle-aged "Captain" Thomas Pritchard of Nutmeg Quarter, Warwick County, Virginia who presented a petition to the assembly to unite with Denbeigh Parish and was elected in 1656 to represent Gloucester County in the Virginia House of Burgesses.

And so we are destined to continue wending our way through courthouses, cemeteries, libraries, genealogical publications, and Internet postings for that elusive fragment from the past confirming the irrefutable identity of our immigrant ancestor.


St Bartholomew's Church - A Journey Through Time Continues to Peruse Thomas Pritchard's Background

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Thursday, March 24, 2011

Your Newly Bred Hermit Crab Babies

!: Your Newly Bred Hermit Crab Babies

Baby hermit crabs are usually hatched in the wild, as they require ocean conditions that are difficult to recreate in captivity. Dedicated breeders have done in-depth research on the breeding habits of these creatures, and also have studied the nutritional needs of baby hermit crabs, with the goal of creating a captive breeding program.

Hermit crabs have reproductive organs located at the base of the back pair of walking legs on the male, and on the first segment of the middle walking legs on the female. The male taps on the female's shell to invite her to mate, and the two emerge from their shells far enough to align their legs. The male deposits spermatophore into the female's two genital openings, called gonophores. The female then produces a large number of brick red eggs - how many is determined by the size of the female. She uses her gill grooming equipment to attach the eggs to her pleopods, which are feathery appendages on the left side of her abdomen, inside the shell.

During the next month, the eggs change in color, fading from brick red to gray, which indicates that the babies have depleted their yolk supply. The female then makes contact with salt water, causing the eggs to burst and release the baby hermit crabs into the ocean. The hatchlings are called zoeae at this stage of their development and float at the water's surface, along with plankton. Over the next two months, the larvae will metamorphose into the next stage, a megalopa, which resembles a lobster more than a Hermit Crab. That makes sense when you realize that they are biologically closer to lobsters than they are to true crabs.

The larvae now look for their first abandoned mollusc shells to call home. They will spend more and more time on land, as their modified gills gradually adapt to breathe air. Finally, the larvae submerge themselves in the sand, and emerge as a baby hermit crabs. They are land animals now, and can no longer remain indefinitely in the water, or they will drown.

There have been only a few Cases where breeders have successfully raised baby hermit crabs. In addition to the usual requirements of de-chlorinated water, saltwater and the ideal temperature, the hatching tank will also require a pump to spray water, simulating a natural ocean environment. Another need is the perfect mix of nutrients - enough to nourish the baby hermit crabs, but not so much that the decomposing matter creates ammonia.

These babies cannot eat large foods when they are in their larval stage, but must be fed "marine infusoria," which are the single-celled, microscopic organisms that grow on marine algae. If the babies survive to be a week old, they may be fed baby brine shrimp coated with a pinch of Spirulina, which is a blue-green algae that grows in both the ocean and in fresh water. Spirulina is readily available in health food stores, since many people take it as a dietary supplement.

At 14 days old, tiny shells must be provided for the baby hermit crabs to continue their development. An artificial beach must be created, with sand that is deep enough so that the larvae can bury themselves for their final metamorphosis. Shallow dishes of fresh water should also be provided.

At this point, captive breeding programs are not successful enough to be used for stocking pet shops. The Hermit crab seen in a pet shop has been captured from the wild and transported a long distance. The poor creature goes from having entire beaches to explore with a large colony of friends to solitary confinement in a cramped cage, without the variety of foods to which it is accustomed. A successful captive breeding program on a large scale would at least alleviate the need to remove wild creatures from their island paradise. In addition to pressuring pet stores to improve their treatment of these fascinating, long-lived creatures, it is essential that advances be made in the captive breeding of baby hermit crabs.


Your Newly Bred Hermit Crab Babies

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